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Chapter 3 Origins of Criminal behavior: Biological Factors |
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1. Interaction a) Most behavioral and social scientist recognizes that criminal behavioral traits result from ... 2. The Born Criminal a) Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) i) Believed that some people are born with ... ii) The criminal represented a separate species that ... iii) Offenders fell into one of six categories (1)Habitual criminals: violated the law ... (a) Corresponds closely ... (2)Juridical criminal: violated the law ... (3)Criminals of passion: violated the law because ... (4)Criminaloids: had weak natures and ... (5)Born criminals: dictated by strong ... (6)Morally insane: similar to the ... iv) The female offender psychologically was... v) Although opinion varies about the value of Lombroso’s contribution, there is ... 3. Physique and Crime a) William H. Sheldon (1942) i) Developed a classification of body type (called Somatotyping) in the United States and ... ii) Developed the concept of three basic body builds (1) Endomorphic (fat and soft) (2) Ectomorphic (thin and fragile) (3) Mesomorphic (muscular and hard) (a) The body type that somatotype researcher have agreed is most closely related to delinquency b) Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and criminal behavior i) Hypothesized to be associated with ... ii) The assumption is that the same teratogenic factors that ... 4. Twin Studies a) One way to determine the role of genetics in criminality is to compare ... (1) Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) develop ... (2) Identical twins (monozygotic twins) develop from ... b) Concordance: Genetics term for the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show ... c) Twin studies using the concordance method have indicated that heredity is a powerful determinant of ... d) The majority of twin studies examining crime concordance have indicated a higher concordance for ... 5. Adoption Studies a) Used to identify crucial variables in the interaction between heredity and environment is ... b) A study by Hutchings and Mednick (1975) found that where the biological father had a criminal record and the adoptive father had none, a significant number of adoptees still became criminal (22 percent); but where the biological father had no record and the adoptive father had a criminal record, the number of adoptees who pursued criminal activity was lower (11.5 percent) c) The available data so far indicate that some people may be born with a biological predisposition to behavior that runs counter to social values and norms, and that environmental factors may either inhibit or stimulate it 6. Eysenck’s Theory of Personality and Crime a) Argues that “ it is not crime itself or criminality that is innate; it is ... b) Proposed that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction between ... c) Implied that different personalities are more susceptible to ... d) Suggest that some people are born with ... e) Argued that there are four higher order factors of personality i) On higher order factor for ability called “g” (general intelligence) ii) Three higher order factors for temperament (1) Extraversion (2) Neuroticism (3) Psychoticism f) The temperament (personality factors) are conceptualized on a continuum i) Neuroticism and Extraversion lines at right angles & intersecting ii) Psychoticism on a separate continuum g) Extraversion dimension runs from its extreme pole to ... h) Typical extravert: sociable, impulsive, optimistic, high need for excitement and varied, ... i) Because extraverts have higher needs for excitement and ... i) Typical introvert: reserved, quiet, cautious, keeps feelings ... j) Eysenck hypothesized that the origins of Extraversion and Introversion axis are ... i) RAS arouses the cerebral cortex and keeps it alert to incoming stimuli ii) The extravert’s RAS does not seem to generate cortical excitation or arousal effectively (1) Because the Extravert is cortically under aroused, he seeks ... iii) The Introvert has apparently inherited a RAS that amplifies stimulation input, keeping cortical arousal at relatively high levels k) One motivation behind human behavior is ... l) Alcohol’s affects on cortical arousal m) Neuroticism continuum runs from its extreme end to the extreme pole of Stability with no middle label n) Psychoticism runs from tough-mindedness (high psychoticism) to ... i) is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, unemotionality, disregard ... ii) Especially prominent in hardcore, habitual offenders convicted of crimes of violence o) Why Criminal Behavior i) The fundamental basis for criminality, according to Eysenck, is ... ii) Eysenck proposes that high emotionality serves as a drive toward criminal activity (Neurotic). iii) Eysenck argues that most people engage in .... iv) Extraverts are the most resistant to conditioning v) The personality most likely to engage in antisocial conduct is .... vi) According to Eysenck, the general growth in permissiveness in homes, schools, and courts has ... |
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CRJS 2233 |
